Hemiascomycetes in particular have evolved homothallic and heterothallic repertoires of bipolar mating strategies orchestrated by a single MAT locus, encoding key transcription factors that govern sexual identity and compatibility (Fraser and Heitman 2003).
In addition, a bipolar SPWM control strategy helps to support the reactive power.
Compared to the classical monopolar and bipolar configurations, this strategy resulted in a focalization of both the potential field and the threshold distance curves.
In patients with bipolar disorders, treatment strategies aim at improving the course of this often life-long and devastating disease.
Bipolar cell-based strategies, which use inner retinal processing, might be used after the loss of cone vision, but before the massive reorganization of the inner retina that probably occurs at later stages of retinal degeneration (Jones et al, 2003).
These findings not only provide mechanistic insights into the clinical effects of lithium, but also suggest an alternative therapeutic strategy for bipolar disorder and other neural diseases by targeting the non-canonical GSK-3β-NF-AT signaling.
Recent years have witnessed the development of a number of psychosocial strategies for bipolar disorder that are design as adjuncts to ongoing pharmacotherapy.
However, to date no effective psychopharmacological options selectively targeting cognitive dysfunctions in psychiatric illnesses are available (Millan et al. 2012), and existing psychotherapeutic strategies for bipolar disorder focus primarily on emotions and maladaptive thoughts or behaviour (Meyer and Hautzinger 2013).
However, the above observation requires further analyses on large sets of data to establish a clinically meaningful threshold and potentially inform new classifications and sequential treatment strategies for bipolar disorder.
Because DTRs select treatment according to the uniquely evolving health status of each patient, they are suited to manage chronic illnesses with patient response heterogeneity; thus, DTRs have tremendous potential for personalizing and improving treatment strategies for bipolar disorder (Leboyer and Kupfer 2010; Nierenberg et al. 2013).
Effective treatment strategies for bipolar disorder will largely depend on the identification of biological markers sufficiently specific to determine who is at risk (6).
