Sentence examples for bipolar inputs to the from inspiring English sources
In addition, electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the right and the left wrist extensor muscles and right foot dorsiflexor using the bipolar inputs to the Synamps device.
(A ) Schematic of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs of retinal direction-selective circuit, showing bipolar inputs to SACs (measured in B and C ), SAC inputs to DSGCs (measured in D and E ), and bipolar inputs to DSGCs (measured in F and G ). (B ) Example excitatory currents (Vh = −70 mV) of ON SACs from Pcdhg (black), Pcdhg (gray), and Pcdhg (red) retinas evoked by a bright spot flash.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08964.013 To assess bipolar input to SACs, we recorded from ON SACs while holding the cells at Vh = −70 mV and presenting bright spot flashes centered on the soma of the recorded cell.
The available data do not eliminate the possibility of rod and cone ON-bipolar inputs to soma and proximal dendrites of ipRGCs but they do suggest that M1 ipRGCs receive considerable cone ON-bipolar synaptic input to their distal dendrites in the OFF sublamina.
The functional evidence provided in the current report for cone ON-bipolar input to ipRGCs stratifying in the OFF layer of the IPL does not address the possibility that cone ON-bipolar cells may make synaptic contacts with the very small portion of the dendritic arbor of M1 ipRGCs that traverses the proximal ON sublayer of the IPL before branching in the OFF substratum near the INL.
These data are consistent with our current findings in the mouse and support the direct pathway of ON-bipolar input to ipRGCs with dendrites in the OFF substrata of the IPL.
A direct ON-bipolar input to ipRGCs with dendrites in the outer IPL seems more likely.
Thus, the demonstration of an ON-bipolar input to a ganglion cell with dendrites in the outer OFF layer of IPL as described in the current study in a rodent and by Dacey and colleagues [8] in a primate is very unusual.
It was suggested that these results provided evidence for ON-bipolar input to OFF-stratifying ganglion cells [10].
For stimulation of presynaptic inputs to nTS neurons, a concentric bipolar stimulation electrode (Frederic Haer) was placed on the TS, the medullary tract containing the central axons of primary afferent inputs to the nTS, rostral to recording sites.
