As a result, in rapidly eroding terrain the coupling between biotic and abiotic weathering processes (such as exfoliation fracturing) may dictate the maximum rate of bedrock-to-soil conversion.
For example, local processes such as biotic interactions, behavior and fine-grain environmental heterogeneity may also propagate in space to generate large-scale patterns [7] [8].
Such cross-scale analyses have been proposed as one of the most productive avenues for future research to understand the role of local-scale processes such as biotic interactions in shaping large-scale processes such as species distribution (Brooker et al., 2009).
In addition, the differentially expressed genes were also functionally analysed using MapMan software, which is a user-driven tool that displays large genomic datasets onto diagrams of metabolic pathways or other processes such as biotic stress [ 82].
However, residence time is an important control on ecosystem processes such as the biotic uptake and processing of excess nutrients and other pollutants in streams.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼21-nucleotide noncoding small RNAs that play an important role in plant biological processes such as development, biotic and abiotic stress response, signal transduction, and protein degradation (Bartel, 2004).
Homologs of the yeast Pdr5p in plants have proven pivotal in a wide range of processes such as xenobiotic detoxification, biotic stress resistance and phytohormone transport31.
To this end, we selected from the library 18 unigenes representative of different biological processes, such as abiotic and biotic defence response, signal transduction, phytohormone signalling and transcriptional regulation.
This suggests that these genes might also function in other biological processes such as in abiotic and biotic stress responses.
