Currently, the extent to which extrinsic factors such as climate change or biotic pressures such as resource competition dominate the evolution of marine microbial plankton remains uncertain.
Arabidopsis persists in many different environments and experiences selection from both abiotic pressures, such as temperature and precipitation, and biotic pressures, such as insect and pathogen populations that vary temporally and spatially (Meyerowitz, 1987; Richards et al., 2009).
Ishikawaella might not have the same exposure to abiotic and biotic pressures as P. carbekii does within the extrachorion matrix.
Vegetation ecological dynamics in drylands are often referred to as following either equilibrium or non-equilibrium paradigms, where the former largely is governed by biotic factors, such as grazing pressure and partial rest, while the latter is governed by abiotic factors like rainfall and especially the variability of rainfall.
Various abiotic and biotic processes such as sorption, dilution, and degradation are known to affect the fate of organic contaminants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons in saturated porous media.
The expression of OsAP77::GUS was examined under biotic stresses, such as fungal, bacterial or viral infection.
NTI and NRI metrics suggest permanent wetland communities are primarily structured by biotic interactions, such as competition and predation.
Some studies also suggested biotic factors such as viruses, fungi, and endolithic algae as the cause of GAs (see Weil et al. 2012).
Peanut productions and yields are compromised by various biotic threats, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, aphids, and thrips as well as abiotic factors like drought, salinity, and temperature.
In this study, we show that biotic factors such as antagonistic species can also influence the growth of the oil-eating microorganisms (see Figs. 4, 5).
We propose a hierarchy of controls on late-glacial plant communities, where biotic interactions such as megaherbivory mediate climate-driven vegetation change.
