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Biotic invaders and similar anthropogenic novelties such as domesticates, transgenics, and cancers can alter ecology and evolution in environmental, agricultural, natural resource, public health, and medical systems.
Indeed, the exchange of biotic invaders between agricultural and biomedical contexts demonstrates in striking terms the importance of evolutionary principles in applied management schemes.
Probable reason may be that plants from southern latitude often face such biotic invaders compare to their northern counterparts, and consequently have co-evolved with better and prompt defence response mechanisms against them.
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Among all aspects of invasion biology, biotic interactions between invaders and native species are of particular importance.
In harsh sites, resource scarcity may limit the competitive advantage conferred to fast-growing potential invaders, and biotic resistance may become the proximate cause that prevents their invasion.
Studies which track sites through time and consider multiple scales are required as invaders impact multiple biotic and abiotic factors operating at different spatial and temporal scales.
This suggests a selective biotic feedback, whereby early plant invaders differentially facilitate the establishment or subsequent performance of later plant species through their effects on soil populations of symbionts.
The parallel effects on invaders and natives of biotic interactions are more clear-cut and may influence establishment success (Strauss et al. 2006b; Tingley et al. 2011) as well as subsequent adaptive shifts (Langkilde 2009).
The displacement of native species by a small number of highly successful invaders (a process known as biotic homogenisation) is considered a major conservation problem worldwide.
Under the biotic resistance mechanism, negative interactions between potential invaders and resident native species reduce invasion risk (Elton 1958; Levine et al. 2004).
This is an important and potentially widespread example of sequential invasional meltdown, whereby one invasive species greatly increases the subsequent success or performance of other invaders, in this case through biotic interactions with mutualists (Simberloff and Von Holle 1999; Nuñez et al. 2013).
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