Sentence examples for biotic interactions such as from inspiring English sources

The role of biotic interactions, such as predation and competition, in determining range boundaries remains poorly understood2,3, even though such interactions can have strong effects4.

Several theories incorporating biotic interactions, such as the Enemy Release Hypothesis and the Biotic Resistance Hypothesis, have been developed to explain plant invasions.

NTI and NRI metrics suggest permanent wetland communities are primarily structured by biotic interactions, such as competition and predation.

We propose a hierarchy of controls on late-glacial plant communities, where biotic interactions such as megaherbivory mediate climate-driven vegetation change.

In a recent paper Linder et al. (2010) concluded that diversification has been promoted by the physical complexity of the Cape environment and by certain biotic interactions, such as those between bees and flowering plants.

These findings suggest that biotic interactions, such as predation by bacterivorous protozoa, can be critical factors in the decomposition of sewage in freshwater habitats and support the use of Bacteroidales genetic markers as indicators of fecal pollution.

Secondary metabolism clusters, species-specific genes, small secreted cysteine-rich proteins acting as effectors, toxins, proteases, lipases, and phenoloxidases have been associated with biotic interactions such mutualism, pathogenicity and host-defense.

Further studies are clearly needed in order to disentangle the relative role of competing hypotheses of drivers of diversification in this clade, be they mainly abiotic (for example, geotectonic events, climatic fluctuations) or biotic (for example, pollinator interactions, such as those demonstrated for certain species of Centropogon and Burmeistera [ 36- 40]).

Such cross-scale analyses have been proposed as one of the most productive avenues for future research to understand the role of local-scale processes such as biotic interactions in shaping large-scale processes such as species distribution (Brooker et al., 2009).

Few methods to date have the capacity to account for non-climatic factors that determine the difference between the fundamental and realized niche of a species, including biotic interactions; life history characteristics such as age to sexual maturity, fecundity, and seed dispersal; and degree of range fragmentation (Pearson and Dawson 2003; Guisan and Thuiller 2005).

On the other hand, if adult survival is high there is not a real need for compensatory measures but rat control can be important as a preventive measure and by itself, to restore the biotic interactions between other island communities, such as plants and insects.