Although it supports research in areas like electronic plastics, I.B.M. has played a negligible role so far in the medical sector and the biotechnology breakthroughs of recent years.
However, the use of lignocellulosic ethanol as a viable alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuels largely depends on plant biotechnology breakthroughs.
Following the biotechnology industry model, breakthrough nanotechnologies may best be developed by small groups of highly skilled, risk-taking individuals.
Myriant (http://www.myriant.com) and BioAmber (http://www.bio-amber.com) have provided breakthrough biotechnology in commercial production.
For more than six decades, insulin from different animal sources was used, until the breakthrough in biotechnology made it possible to produce human insulin in sufficient amounts.
With breakthroughs in biotechnology and genome research, "expenditures on prescription drugs are going to rise very rapidly," said Robert D. Reischauer of the Urban Institute, a nonprofit research center.
To Drew Endy, all the great breakthroughs in biotechnology of the past 30 years were mere tweaks.
The papers cover every scientific topic, from obscure physics experiments published decades ago to the latest breakthroughs in biotechnology.
However, the focus has shifted in recent years due to a desire to move away from food-based resources and significant breakthroughs in biotechnology.
The site hosts 50 million papers covering every scientific topic, from obscure physics experiments published decades ago to the latest breakthroughs in biotechnology.
