Biosynthesis of hepatic VLDL is critically dependent on the coordinated interactions of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and MTTP [ 72].
While it is evident that cFR activates expression of many carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis genes, and can induce de-etiolation (repress hypocotyl elongation) via a PHYA-dependent mechanism [ 67], it does not activate chlorophyll biosynthesis or chloroplast development which is dependent on light-induced activation of POR that catalyzes the conversion of Pchlide to chlorophyllide [ 22].
Besides possessing genes responsible for the biosynthesis of homopolymeric O-antigen LPS, which is dependent on an ABC- transporter [ 48], genome sequencing revealed genes that could enable B. rhizoxinica to produce exopolysaccharide (EPS) or type I capsular polysaccharides [ 49].
Extrapolating from the operational constraints of class I enzymes, the implication is that LECA was at minimum aerotolerant and could divide in the presence of intracellular oxygen, consistent with the placement of sterol biosynthesis (which is oxygen-dependent) in LECA [ 55].
Urease activity which was shown to be critical for M. tuberculosis survival in phagosome is dependent on Nickel, while Vitamin B12 biosynthesis which is a Cobalt dependent process is important for M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages [47].
Mucosal GSH is, besides dietary uptake, also dependent on biosynthesis, which is regulated by availability of cysteine and GCL activity [36].
We also found an upregulation of pyridoxalphosphate biosynthesis which is consistent with an increased amino acid biosynthesis.
Aerobic eukaryogenesis is also reflected in two major innovations: 1) The emergence of peroxisomes, which were ER-derived compartments to house oxygen-using reactions that generate peroxides, quenched in situ by catalases [ 82] and, 2) the biosynthesis of sterols, which is strictly dependent on O2 (e.g., in yeast 12 O2 are used per 1 ergosterol that is synthesized) [ 83- 85].
For example, water deficit alters gene expression of enzymes involved in aroma biosynthesis in grapes, which is genotype dependent, and may lead to increased levels of compounds, such as terpenes and hexyl acetate, that contribute to fruity volatile aromas [ 24, 25].
