Abundance of G3PDH, involved in phospholipids biosynthesis, was also increased in F fish livers.
The expression of many elements encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis was also increased.
In addition, biosynthesis of pantothenate was also increased, consistent with its role as a constituent of coenzyme A required for fatty acid catabolism.
Due to the diversion of most glucose-derived intermediates to biosynthesis, glutamine uptake is also increased in tumours to replenish the depletion of TCA cycle intermediates which are normally supplied from glucose sources and to fuel mitochondrial ATP production.
Genes responsible for lipoprotein uptake (PA2988 homolog) and degradation (lipA) are also increased, along with pyruvate biosynthesis from serine and degradation of glycine and lactate.
Genome-wide and targeted DNA methylation analysis identified that the promoter regions of SREBF1 and LDLR, two key regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis, were hypomethylated under vitamin B12-deficient conditions, and as a result, their expressions and cholesterol biosynthesis were also significantly increased.
Activity of the DMA biosynthetic pathway was also increased in Fe-deficient roots based on induced levels of methionine (the dominant precursor of DMA biosynthesis), root DMA and secreted DMA (Fig. 5g).
Phytoene synthase, which was also increased in the skin compared to the pulp, and VviCCD1, have been associated with β-ionone and β-damascenone biosynthesis [ 59].
Furthermore, the expression levels of several genes involved in hemicellulose and lignin biosynthesis were also reduced, while cellulose synthase increased under high compared with adequate N [ 36].
