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In England, the Biometric school of Karl Pearson and Raphael Weldon were developing a quantitative approach that took Francis Galton "Law of ancestral heredity" as its point of departure.
Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, while relying in part on the inheritance of acquired characteristics, proved to be useful for statistical models of evolution that were developed by his cousin Francis Galton and the "biometric" school of evolutionary thought.
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In your kids' elementary school, biometric sensors will track students' alertness, subtly shifting spectrum to automatically boost their focus any time it starts to wane.
Proponents argue that biometric systems can keep school buildings secure, help battle truancy and even encourage healthy eating.
Michigan State University professor Anil K. Jain, who runs the school's biometric research program and has six patents in fingerprint matching, says companies and governments who use the devices need to be careful; like any technology, it is susceptible to both machine and human error, and any biometric database runs the risk of being hacked.
Although fingerprinting technology is still the main biometric systems employed by schools, other trials to date have included retinal scanning and palm-vein scanning.
"There is a biometric reader in some schools, where teachers must scan their thumb prints, but what we are doing is fully integrated into the school day and how teachers teach.
The Department for Education doesn't track how many schools use biometric systems, but in 2014, campaigning group Big Brother Watch estimated that more than a million secondary schoolchildren had handed over their fingerprints.
Unlike Little Axe or Park 6, where teachers can carry concealed guns, Gulley said Jay District schools store guns in biometric safes, accessible only by a select group of volunteer school staff who undergo psychological evaluations and firearms training with FASTER Saves Lives.
The main reasons given by schools for introducing biometric technologies are to assist in registration, library and canteen systems.
A Department for Education spokesman said: "We have already acted to make it unlawful for schools to use biometric data like fingerprints without parents' permission.
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