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However, these devices cannot mimic the biological teeth, do not remodel and they have poor integration with the host.
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The orthodontic treatment period with extractions is prolonged in many cases because of the limited rate of biological tooth movement.
Even if animal experiments have demonstrated that it was possible to obtain a biological tooth from stem cells, two major issues remain to be discussed.
Yet it remains unclear what shape and size of a biological tooth root (bio-root), which is mostly determined by the scaffold geometric design, is suitable for stress distributing and mastication performing.
So if the applied force is of sufficient magnitude, there is an occurrence of biological tooth response [4].
Whenever feasible, we recommend collection and archiving of biological samples or teeth for eventual analysis.
However, it is impracticable to accurately predict the treatment outcome based on the quality of root canal fillings due to variations in patients' health, teeth, biological, physical and psychological factors [ 37].
Participants were selected for this analysis based on the availability of two of the following biological samples: shed teeth; maternal blood collected at approximately 26 weeks' gestation or delivery; cord blood or child blood collected at 24 months; maternal urine at 26 weeks' gestation or child urine samples collected at 24 months.
The remarkable mechanical properties of biological structures, like tooth and bone, are often a consequence of their architecture.
Our results suggested that TDM scaffold with 9.4 mm in length and 4.9 mm/3.4 mm in upper/bottom diameter is a suitable biological scaffold for tooth root regeneration.
As the main inorganic component of biological bone and tooth enamel, hydroxyapatite shows excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity [9, 10].
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