As an alternative method to manipulating vascular endotheral cell function by physical or chemical or biological stimulation, the use of active transport across the endotherial cells via caveoli or ICAM-1 has been investigated.
Successful tissue engineering of ligaments requires optimized structural scaffolds, tissue specific cells, biological stimulation by growth factors, and mechanical stimulation by cyclic stretching.
Expanding the sequencing depth of the peptides with a statistically significant quantitative change derived from a biological stimulation is critical.
Ghrelin has various biological functions; stimulation of food intake [ 38] and excretion of the growth hormone [ 35] are among those that were discovered earliest.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a tripeptide, exerts its biological effects through stimulation of cell-surface receptors, TRH-R, belonging to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR).
GABA results from glutamate by decarboxylation process through glutamic acid decarboxylase activity, and it produces biological effects through stimulation of A and B receptors of GABA (Watanabe, Maemura, Kanbara, Tamayama, & Hayasaki, 2002).
In initial experiments we determined that 20(OH)D3 at 100 nM was optimal for inducing biological actions like stimulation of keratinocytes differentiation and inhibition of cell proliferation [15].
TNF induces biological activity via stimulation of the TNF receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) [ 103, 104].
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has many biological functions, including stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation of specific cells.
The soluble form of TWEAK has been shown to exert multiple biological activities, including stimulation of cell growth, angiogenesis, induction of inflammatory cytokines, and stimulation of apoptosis, principally through a TWEAK receptor named fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) [ 2, 3].
