At oil refineries, both oil sludge and biological sludge are produced on a daily basis.
During the biological treatment of industrial chemical wastewater, surplus biological sludge is always produced.
In this study, waste biological sludge is converted to an adsorbent by chemical activation with sulphuric acid.
The heavy metal content in the biological sludge is consequently also very low.
The excess biological sludge waste from the biological reactor can be used as a low cost adsorbent for metal ion removal.
Biosorption have many certain advantages including low cost and high efficiency, minimization of chemical and biological sludge, and possibility of metal recovery and most important regeneration of biosorbent.
In the wastewater treatment plant in Lebel Island, the wastewater treatment involves physical and chemical processes, as well as a biological sludge process.
Many researchers achieved similar results with other uncoupling combinations in the reduction of produced excess biological sludge by decreasing biomass production coefficient [27, 40, 42].
Also, the present biological sludge is a "super-compactible" sludge, whose compactibility is greater than most data ever reported in open literature.
Membrane fouling experiments were conducted with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from the biological sludge of a membrane bioreactor, which treats municipal wastewater.
