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The positive outcome of our immunogenetic study suggests that parameters such as adequate study population, sufficient statistical power, relevant cell type and pertinent biological read out are critical in discovering the functional impact of disease-associated SNPs.
Comparing behavioural and biological read outs from peer-reared macaque monkeys with those from mother-reared macaque monkeys [reviewed in 28] demonstrated that parenting behaviour during early life is crucial for the development of an appropriate stress response, reward experience and social interactions in adulthood and that these effects depended on genetic background.
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A major challenge in chromatin biology has centred on efforts to define the connection between specific methylation states and distinct biological read-outs impacting on function.
Functionally, we show that migration is a biological read-out of the Ret-IL6 interaction.
As the biological read-out of this approach, we used the preferential cytotoxicity in transformed cells over normal, nontransformed cells.
Importantly, these effects were cell autonomous, which suggested that it may be possible to use spine density as a biological read-out of PTEN function.
Over the past decade, however, many particular examples of crosstalk have been described, showing that PTMs can work in concert to determine the final biological read-out.
In some cases, PTMs crosstalk and work in concert to determine the final biological read-outs (e.g., crosstalk between histone phosphorylation and acetylation [ 25]).
It should be noted that this hypothesis relates to biological read-across, as opposed to the chemical read-across approach used to predict toxicity from untested chemicals of the same class, or indeed addressing general toxicity from a battery of tests.
By combining this with two-photon imaging, we have produced a system in which images with subcellular resolution can be taken, in real-time, from living tissues, permitting us to use the density of dendritic spines as a biological read-out of PTEN function.
It has been noted that the variance of biological replicate read counts for a gene (V) is higher than the mean of the read counts (e.g., V = μ + ϕμ2 where ϕ > 0) and that the extra dispersion parameter ϕ tends to have large (or small) values when μ is small (or large) [ 20, 21].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com