NF-κB, a transcription factor complex, plays a central role in many biological processes, including inflammation.
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors control the expression of genes involved in a large spectrum of biological processes, including inflammation, adaptive immunity, stress responses, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and invasion [1], [2].
Indeed, cytokines, growth factors, and MMPs/TIMPs, secreted by fibroblasts are involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including inflammation [15], [49], production and remodeling of extracellular matrix components [16], [50], angiogenesis [51], as well as epithelial morphogenesis [52].
Adipokines are involved in several biological processes, including inflammation, thrombosis, insulin sensitivity and energy balance [ 71].
TWEAK plays an important role in several biological processes including inflammation, angiogenesis, cell growth, cell death and fibrosis.
71 A number of biological processes, including inflammation, apoptosis, and thrombosis, are involved in the pathogenesis of BRD.
Fucosylation is essential for various biological processes including tumorigenesis, inflammation, cell cell recognition and host pathogen interactions.
These interactions are critical for the regulation of a plethora of biological processes including synovial inflammation and tissue remodelling [ 50].
The bioactive lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays important roles in various types of biological processes including angiogenesis, inflammation and immunity (Skoura and Hla, 2009; Spiegel and Milstien, 2011; Hisano et al., 2012).
H2O2, which serves as a second messenger in insulin signaling and in the signaling cascades mediated by several growth factors (e.g. EGF, FGF), also plays a significant role in diverse biological processes including proliferation, inflammation, and aging (reviewed by Sies [ 39]).
A significant impact on biological processes, including COPD-related inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation, was identified in 3R4F-exposed, but not in pMRTP-exposed lungs.
