Eukaryotic regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) that induce RNA interference (RNAi) are involved in a plethora of biological processes, including host immunity and pathogen virulence.
Interferons (IFN) are multi-functional proteins that induce a large number of genes which mediate many biological processes including host defense, cell growth control, signaling, and metabolism.
TFs regulate gene transcription and play critical roles in various biological processes, including host innate responses against invading pathogens.
These proteins represent a broad spectrum of Salmonella proteins required for many biological processes including host cell invasion, motility, central metabolism, LPS biosynthesis, two-component regulatory systems, and fatty acid metabolism.
Macrophages are immune cells involved in various biological processes including host defence, homeostasis, differentiation, and organogenesis.
It is an essential cofactor present in heme groups and iron-sulphur clusters and impacts on a broad range of important biological/metabolic processes including host and pathogen cellular functions, erythropoiesis, and immunity.
Thus, most of the major differences characteristic of the zebra finch and chicken degradomes compared to mammalian degradomes affect proteases involved in a few key biological processes, including apoptosis, host defense, teeth formation, reproduction, and neural development.
Understanding the role of CPs, especially those of the legumain-like type in this parasite, is relevant, as they are known to be involved in numerous biological processes including the host-parasite interplay.
Based on gene ontology, we subsequently identified 12 significant (P < 0.05) biological processes, including immunity and host defenses, stress responses, T cell-mediated immunity, and tumor suppressor and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-mediated immunity, whose corresponding genes were significantly upregulated during early RA (Table S3 in Additional data file 3).
Glycosylation, one of the most common and functionally important PTMs in mammalian cells, plays a central role in many biological processes, including protein folding, host-pathogen interaction, immune response, and inflammation [ 4].
These enzymes are expressed during the entire life cycle of trypanosomatid parasites and are essential to many biological processes, including infectivity to the human host.
