Different metrics have been proposed to integrate the probability of alteration of a sector of the cellular network (pathway) and the relative importance of that pathway in the context of the biological problem, such as the probability vector [19], the impact factor (IF) [21].
In addition to dynamic simulation, network is a powerful tool in computational systems biology to probe the fundamental biological problem, such as occurrence and development of complex disease and the recent cell reprogramming.
This review discusses the application of smart materials as tools to solve biological problems such as bioseparation, drug delivery, biosensor design, tissue engineering, protein folding, and microfluidics.
For many biological problems, such as models that include the cell membrane, the immersed structure is a two-dimensional infinitely thin elastic shell immersed in an incompressible viscous fluid.
On the other hand, lots of computational approaches have been developed to settle various biological problems, such as drug design [ 14– 19] and analysis of complicated biological network [ 20– 20].
The protein-protein interaction network (PIN) is an effective information tool for understanding the complex biological processes inside the cell and solving many biological problems such as signaling pathway identification and prediction of protein functions.
This is essential for numerous biological problems, such as the analysis of genes contributing to certain diseases, assigning biological functionalities to genes or when the conditions of a microarray are diverse [ 12].
Applications of adaptive decision-making have been documented for many different biological problems, such as fish and wildlife harvest, insect pest control, endangered species recovery, invasive species control, and wetland management.
Analyzing these images is critical for biologists to seek answers to many biological problems, such as differentiating cancer cell phenotypes (Long et al., 2007a), categorization of neurons (Jefferis et al., 2007), etc.
The function of implantable biomaterials is in large part governed by material surface characteristics, and chemical modification with pharmaceutically inspired polymers at the implant−tissue interface is an attractive option for addressing various biological problems such as postsurgical infection.
