Peirce et al. [16] suggest that other biological phenomena, for example directed loss of DNA in D2 relative to B6, could explain some excess of cisB6 eQTLs.
To relate physical entities and their molecular interactions to various levels of biological phenomena, for example, cell cycle, apoptosis, organism development, immune response and disease, we need a framework for handling multiple processes in different granularities.
The leaky integrate-and-fire model is not the only model that is able to decode the input frequency from its efferent firing rate, although using LIF alone we can account for many biological phenomena, see for example [26].
Understanding such relationships can elucidate a wide range of biological phenomena, including, for example, the importance of gene and genome duplications in the evolution of gene function, the role of adaptation as a driver of diversification, or the evolutionary consequences of biogeographic shifts.
Synthetic biologists engineer complex artificial biological systems to investigate the natural biological phenomena for a variety of applications.
Psychosocial components were those that focused on internal and/or social phenomena, for example, resilience.
Motivation: Synthetic biology is to engineer artificial biological systems to investigate natural biological phenomena and for a variety of applications.
For example, biological phenomena involving thresholds, bursting rhythm models in pathology, optimal control of economic systems, frequency-modulated signal processing systems do exhibit impulse effects.
For example, Drosophila represents a good species for studying some basic biological phenomena but do not model vertebrate sex differences.
For example, many biological phenomena involving thresholds, bursting rhythm models in medicine and biology, optimal control models in economics, and frequency modulated systems, do exhibit impulsive effects.
It is well known that impulsive differential equations are used in various fields of science and technology, for example, many biological phenomena involving thresholds, bursting rhythm models in medicine and biology, optimal control models in economics, pharmacokinetics, and frequency modulated systems, and so on.
