In our opinion, there is little hope that realistic multi-scale spatiotemporal cGP models which explain high-dimensional phenotypic variation associated with the emergence of biological structure, organisation and function through differentiation, can be expressed in a simple way.
This, in turn, may be determined by biological sex differences in brain organisation, structure and function, which are determined genetically and epigenetically (Gabory et al., 2009; Kaminsky et al., 2006; McCarthy et al., 2009; Cahill, 2006).
Part II: Techniques for the Study of Biological Structure and Function (W. H. Freeman, New York, 1980).
There is no scientific evidence that unintelligent processes can create substantial new biological structures and function.
Division of labour characterises all levels of biological organisation as well as human and artificial social systems.
Such large-scale shifts will affect natural systems at several scales and levels of biological organisation.
Parasites are an important fraction of living organisms and influence all levels of biological organisation.
To understand the emergence of higher levels of biological organisation we must understand how the interests of lower-level units became united and the relative importance of selection shifted towards a higher level of biological organisation.
Ecological methods, measuring changes observed at higher biological organisation levels, i.e. the population and/or community.
