As can be seen in Table 1 and S1, the peaks were comprised of a variety of chemical structures and are potentially involved in several biological functions, for example in pheromonal communication (2-heptanone, 3,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin and 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone, β-farnesene [23]).
Nonetheless, pseudogenes can acquire biological functions, for example as regulatory long non-coding RNAs [ 21], and thus there remains a possibility for functionality to be identified in future.
Other genes found in this group code for proteins with diverse biological functions for example energy metabolism, signal transduction and protein modification.
In some cases, a sharp transition between active and inactive conformations, resulting from the higher order Ca2+ dependence, may be important for their biological functions, for example in ligand release from endocytic receptors in endosomes.
In addition, the physicochemical characteristics of the surface of these biomaterials are of great importance, because they can directly influence and control the cell adhesion, spreading, and signaling events that further regulate a wide range of biological functions, for example, cell growth, differentiation, and extracellular matrix synthesis [ 15].
In mammals, cytosolic 2-Cys Prx (Prdx1 and Prdx2), orthologous to TSA1 in yeast, have been shown to have nonredundant biological functions, for example in preventing the development of malignant tumours and supporting the production and maintenance of red blood cells in mice (Lee et al., 2003; Neumann et al., 2003; Rhee & Woo, 2011).
FASTSNP identified the nsSNPs that can influence the cellular and molecular biological function, for example, transcriptional and splicing regulation (Table 2).
By grouping the genes based on their biological function (for example, all genes encoding proteins that are part of Complex 1 of the electron transport chain), the average propensity for the complex to be lost during the evolution was calculated.
In light of the findings outlined above, and the likelihood that not all sequences with the capacity to adopt non-B DNA structures may serve a biological function (for example, many are located outside of genes), their abundance in eukaryotic genomes remains puzzling.
The abstraction hierarchy proposed by Endy [ 12] classifies standard parts in three different layers: parts, which are defined as sequences with basic biological functions (like for example DNA-binding proteins), devices which are combinations of parts with a particular function and systems which are combinations of devices.
Indeed, this analysis is frequently used to identify the main biological functions for DEGs.
