The capability to engineer arbitrary and persistent hormone patterns is relevant to basic studies across various fields including developmental biology and tissue regeneration.
Chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes, namely chimaeras, sharks, rays and skates) have been studied in diverse biological fields including immunology [ 12], developmental biology [ 13, 14] and endocrinology [ 15].
The use of biomarker metabolites is common in many biological fields, including clinical chemistry.
The fact that gene expression is modified by molecules that attach to particular genes but can later be removed is revolutionizing almost every biological field, including evolution.
Puf proteins have extensive structural conservation within their RNA binding domain and regulate a range of biological processes, including developmental patterning, stem cell control, and neuron function [ 3].
Cellular interactions with extracellular matrices (ECM) through the application of mechanical forces mediate numerous biological processes including developmental morphogenesis, wound healing and cancer metastasis.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate model organism that is widely used for studying a plethora of biological questions, including developmental processes, effects of external cues on phenotype, and human disease modeling.
miRNAs have been reported to be involved in many biological processes, including developmental timing, differentiation, proliferation, cell death, and metabolism [10], [11], [12].
miRNAs have been implicated in various biological processes including developmental timing, patterning and embryogenesis, differentiation and organogenesis, immune response, growth control and apoptosis.
miRNAs regulate various biological functions including developmental timing, cell proliferation, neuronal cell fate, apoptosis (reviewed in [12], [13]), neuronal gene expression [14], brain morphogenesis [15], muscle differentiation [16], and stem cell division [17].
The enzyme which comprises two isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β, has since been implicated in many different biological processes including developmental patterning and cell survival as a regulatory switch that integrates numerous signaling pathways [5].
