Laboratory and epidemiological studies have implicated PCBs in a broad range of adverse biological effects, including (neuro-) developmental toxicity [4] and carcinogenesis [5].
Exposure to PCBs and PCDDs has been associated with numerous adverse biological effects including reproductive toxicity, dermatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, carcinogenesis and hepatotoxicity [ 1- 5].
For instance, TNF-α is a proinflammatory cytokine that has various biological effects, including metabolic inflammatory and proliferative effects.
SM has multiple biological effects including anti-inflammatory activity.
The experience of exposure thresholds for biological effects, including adverse effects, pervades daily life.
These studies support the idea that soy-based infant formulas exert biological effects, including estrogenic activity.
In fact, many homeopathic remedies contain ethanol, a chemical with powerful biological effects, including gene regulation.
Arsenic is a known lung carcinogen [ 6] whose biological effects include increased ER alpha transcription.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate model organism that is widely used for studying a plethora of biological questions, including developmental processes, effects of external cues on phenotype, and human disease modeling.
Cellular interactions with extracellular matrices (ECM) through the application of mechanical forces mediate numerous biological processes including developmental morphogenesis, wound healing and cancer metastasis.
miRNAs have been reported to be involved in many biological processes, including developmental timing, differentiation, proliferation, cell death, and metabolism [10], [11], [12].
