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Based upon the biological differences (including host range and plaque formation differences), the significant genetic alterations (including the presence of "indels"), and the protein level differences (highly variable but related protein sequences) presented, we conclude that each of these phages are different but related phages.
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Malaria-causing Plasmodium species exhibit marked differences including host choice and preference for invading particular cell types.
This may result from biological differences, including hormonal ones, and also psychosocial factors [ 17, 18].
Sex factors that contribute to the biological differences include chromosomes, reproduction, and hormones.
Eukaryotic regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) that induce RNA interference (RNAi) are involved in a plethora of biological processes, including host immunity and pathogen virulence.
Interferons (IFN) are multi-functional proteins that induce a large number of genes which mediate many biological processes including host defense, cell growth control, signaling, and metabolism.
TFs regulate gene transcription and play critical roles in various biological processes, including host innate responses against invading pathogens.
Macrophages are immune cells involved in various biological processes including host defence, homeostasis, differentiation, and organogenesis.
Lactoferrin (LF), with its strong iron binding properties, is known to have several biological functions including host defence against microbial infection and anti-inflammatory activity.
Detailed study of the merozoite stage will support the identification of proteins important to key biological processes in the parasite including host invasion, replication, pathogenicity and the stimulation of host immunity.
In most instances the epidemiology of infectious disease is characteristic of that disease and is an outgrowth of biological properties of the parasite and the host, including host specificity and the behaviour of the host species as populations.
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