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This means that there is a biological cost to being too attractive, the researchers said.
As with the boundary length penalty, its use incurs an apparent biological cost.
Johnsen, P. J. et al. Retrospective evidence for a biological cost of vancomycin resistance determinants in the absence of glycopeptide selective pressures.
CAD-CAM polymers offer an intermediate treatment with satisfying esthetics and function at low biological cost until bone growth is completed.
As well as the psychological and biological cost of this relentless pursuit of attractiveness, the cosmetics industry is responsible for a lot of dubious/ridiculous science being propagated in the mainstream ("pentapeptides", anyone?) A prime example of this occurred just yesterday.
The distribution of bone relative density is obtained by the minimisation of a function that considers both the bone structural stiffness and the biological cost associated with metabolic maintenance of bone tissue.
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The associated co-morbidities are significant due to the relative financial and biological costs of implant provision.
In light of this failure to satisfy deontological requirements, let us consider the utilitarian implications of cloning mammoths and the accompanying harms: societal harm, biological costs, and harm to the environment.
In addition to biological costs, non-indigenous species have had great economic impacts.
This study demonstrates the utility of assisted migration to improve the biomass of a stock and rebuild depleted stocks or sub-populations, but highlights that while overall growth rates improve, there are biological costs to transport and acclimation to a new habitat that were seen in deferred reproduction.
We also assess the beneficial and the potential detrimental epidemic-level effects of a high usage of antivirals by conducting a "biological cost-benefit" analysis and calculating the value of a treatment evaluation criterion (TEC t)).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com