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Indeed, lignocellulosic biomass can be transformed into energy and fuels through a variety of chemical, thermo-chemical and biological conversion processes.
Consequently, the economics of biological conversion processes has improved.
Alternatively, these sugars can also be used to produce various hydrocarbon products through biological conversion processes.
In order to produce drop-in fuels from biomass, combined chemical and biological conversion processes are used to produce liquid fuels adaptable to the current internal combustion engine design [ 1].
Many of these utilize a cell wall deconstruction strategy involving chemical pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the cell wall polysaccharides into sugar intermediates that can be subsequently utilized in chemical or biological conversion processes [ 4– 7].
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Vegetable waste with rich carbohydrate and protein content can be readily converted to volatile fatty acids through biological conversion process thereby lowering the pH of the process.
Given that acetyl-CoA is a key intermediate in several biosynthetic pathways, phosphoketolase overexpression offers a viable strategy to enhance the economics of an array of biological methane conversion processes.
The SSCF concept is one of the interesting process options and the potential of such process for biological conversion of lignocellulosic raw materials to bioethanol in large scales has to the best of our knowledge not been reported previously.
The methods used to estimate the kLa coefficient were: (i) dynamic gassing-out, (ii) sulphite method, and (iii) in-process estimation through biological conversion obtained in the reactor.
Since cyanide is a toxic compound that would affect/inhibit the microbe e.g. yeast fermentation behaviours, this simple pretreatment way claims to be an efficient method for detoxifying the biomass for being processed for further biological conversion, e.g. bioethanol/biobutanol/lactic acid production through fermentation.
Fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, and anaerobic digestion are classified under biological conversion methods whereas densification and shedding come under physical processes.
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