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Rather, these shifts occur independently, reflecting both a stronger belief in biological causation in the abstract and a stronger belief in psychological causation in the concrete.
So there is a perennial temptation to appeal to the idea of arbitrariness when discussing the alleged informational nature of some biological causation.
Careful scrutiny of evolutionary language and content and analyses of their relationships to evolutionary thinking hold great promise for elucidating how discourse practices may facilitate or constrain student mental models of biological causation.
Though his early work in natural philosophy was speculative, Aristotle's later biological writings were more empirical, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life.
Especially important are his History of Animals and other works where he showed naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life.
All of these are legitimate concerns, but psychologists often go equally overboard in the exact opposite direction- espousing an extreme psychosocial reductionism that denies any biological causation or any role for medication, even in the treatment of people with severe mental illness.
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In La Criminalité comparée (1886; "Comparative Criminality") and other works, Tarde attacked the extreme biological-causation theories of Cesare Lombroso and his school, pointing out the importance of environment in criminal behaviour.
To what extent would shifts in attributions generalize across these types of biological and psychological causation?
We tested these questions in Experiment 1 by asking participants to make judgments about several different types of biological and psychological causation for disordered behavior.
However, we recognize that these results do not permit us to draw conclusions regarding biological function or causation because statistical epistasis at the population level and biological epistasis at the individual/biochemical levels are not identical [23].
Disease labels chosen for this study were disorders that have recently been medicalized, including those that have no current biological understanding of causation, or those that have had a lifestyle drug released for its treatment within the last 10 years.
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