Mountain ecosystems can reduce these threats by providing several positive influences, such as the maintenance of biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon storage, amongst others.
Subsequently, various scenarios can be discussed on the preferred kind of ES, whether related to biodiversity, climate regulation, freshwater provision, fiber or food production (cp. Larondelle and Haase 2012).
These can potentially provide a catalytic platform for the wider adoption of the ES framework in CBF regimes, in order to focus and reward forest management more directly for the provision of services such as water, biodiversity, climate regulation and recreation.
This has consequences for the delivery of seeds, the provision of abiotic conditions suitable for plant growth, the development of microhabitats and the cycling of nutrients/contaminants and may impact the delivery of ecosystem services including biodiversity, climate regulation and waste processing.
These impacts, from high to low, are: soil formation and retention, biodiversity protection, climate regulation, gas regulation, water supply, climate regulation, waste treatment, raw material, recreation and culture, and food.
Reviewing specific ecosystem services, the values of soil formation and retention, biodiversity protection, gas regulation and climate regulation were forming the largest part of the total ESVs.
The share of soil formation and retention service was the highest (about 20%), followed by biodiversity protection, gas regulation and climate regulation (each around 14%), all of which are major ecosystem functions mainly derived from the forest areas.
The joint statement said, "It is essential that existing national laws and international conventions for the protection of biodiversity and the regulation of fisheries be extended to cover these unique and vulnerable deep-water habitats".
Forests provide many services such as the hydrologic cycle regulation, biodiversity protection, food provision and other products [1, 5 7].
Mountain forests are valued worldwide for their fundamental role in the processes of biodiversity conservation, hydrologic regulation, carbon storage, and net primary productivity (Galbraith et al. 2014).
