In particular, they tend to be: (1) based on space-for-time swaps, in which comparisons of the state of given biodiversity features or processes are made between the inside and outside of protected areas on the assumption that any differences are indicative of the consequences of protection [20] [22].
Understanding how these morphological or climatic axes of niche differentiation have evolved in this plant group could shed light on the way speciation processes are building Neotropical biodiversity.
Strong effects of legumes on ecosystem processes are known from many biodiversity experiments [1].
Ultimate processes are the main causes of biodiversity loss that operate indirectly at global, national, or other broad scales.
A recent meta-analysis of mainly plant biodiversity experiments found that, in most studies, the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem processes were driven by a combination of selection effects and complementarity effects, rather than by one mechanism alone [11].
Moreover, these two processes are interlinked as ecosystem invasibility is considered to increase with decreasing biodiversity.
These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity.
Thus, the effect of biodiversity on microbial processes is likely dependent on interactions with environmental conditions [11].
As life forms and biodiversity expanded, biologically mediated environmental processes were of increasing importance.
The processes were ozone depletion, biodiversity loss, chemical pollution, climate change, ocean acidification, freshwater composition, land systems change, nitrogen and phosphorous flows, and atmospheric aerosol loading.
