For the purposes of maintaining local biodiversity, intensive development within a small area (land sparing) has been shown to be better than extensive development over a large area (land sharing).
Institutions must be developed and strengthened at all levels in order to integrate the climate, biodiversity and development agendas and help address the legitimate interests of future generations.
Although some project-level methodologies are available for estimating carbon and biodiversity benefits[9], development of approaches for national-level estimates are still in the early stages.
Climate change is mentioned but as part of a list alongside "biodiversity, sustainable development, poverty eradication, environment, agriculture, health, food and nutrition and others, as appropriate" (UNISDR 2015, p. 14).
We suggest that government agencies could adopt similar approaches to identify efficient planning solutions for both biodiversity and development in urban environments.
This knowledge should contribute to assessments of how natural and human impacts affect Baltic biodiversity, the development of biodiversity-based indicators of ecosystem status and health, a stronger taxonomic basis for understanding links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and new historical baselines for management of the living marine resources.
ES supply and demand take place in distinctive patterns in Africa due to the continent's characteristic spatial heterogeneity, rich biodiversity, demographic developments, resource endowment, resource management conflicts, and fragile political landscapes, along with current industrialization and urbanization processes.
Improved approaches to recycling, resources conservation, energy and water efficiency, greenhouse gas reduction, biodiversity, local enterprise development, and community development programs all meet the aims of good sustainability practice and require innovative techniques to move away from the 'business as usual' paradigm.
Other opponents of smart growth maintain that the focus on medium- to high-density developments actually reduces biodiversity in developed areas because all the land is given over to concentrated human uses.
