The consideration of the logistics of biological sample collection, processing and storing and the choice of biomarker or bioassay, as well as awareness of potential confounding factors, are also essential.
Our results thereby illustrate the exciting possible uses of this bioassay as well as highlight the need for continued monitoring of the parasite populations, potentially through such assays, as treatments progress.
During 2007 and 2008 a total of 623 shellfish samples that were collected in the Dutch monitoring programme were analysed by the rat bioassay as well as by the LC-MS/MS method.
Nevertheless, the selection of adequate invertebrate experimental models, appropriate experimental designs and bioassays, as well as the control of potential confounding factors in toxicity testing are of major importance to obtain scientifically valid results.
For example, the yeast recombinant DNA and HeLa cell bioassays, as well as the GC/MS/MS methods, all measure substantially lower oestrogen levels than RIA.
The PubChem bioassays as well as the target information used for network construction are listed in Supplementary Table S1 based on the assay data in the PubChem BioAssay database as of March 17 , 2010
This approach has led to development of tools for investigating cellular functions, biochemical reactors and bioassay systems, as well as hybrid bio/artificial tissue engineered organs.
The binding of these inhibitors was modeled into the dihydropteroate synthase active site and demonstrated a good correlation with the observed bioassay data, as well as provided important insight for the future design of higher affinity transition state mimics.
Each sample is quantitatively characterized by experimental toolkits such as cantilever bioassay, PeakForce QNM, as well as lateral force microscopy (LFM).
The study design, described in detail in Thompson et al. (2011b, 2012c), employed the same drinking water concentrations as the NTP 2-year bioassay (NTP, 2008b) as well as two lower drinking water concentrations; one of which was 100 μg/l, the federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total chromium (US EPA, 1991).
In conclusion, the apparent absence of effects on Kras and Apc is consistent with the fact that early tumors, metastases and mortality were not observed in the NTP 2-year bioassay (NTP, 2008b), as well as the absence of preneoplastic (e.g. focal hyperplasia) or neoplastic lesions in any of the 90-day Cr VI) drinking water studies (NTP, 2007; Thompson et al., 2011b, 2012c).
