Once criteria values were determined, observations from within the reference period were tested against the criteria with a binomial test to ensure the data within the reference period did not exceed the criteria concentration or frequency.
We calculate both the sequential in-degree (number of arrows to a node) and out-degree (number of arrows from the node) of each genetic lesion in ISN and use the binomial test to assess the significance by assuming that the number of in-degree and out-degree is randomly distributed.
We use a simple binomial test to evaluate the significance of the activity score defined here.
With each data set, UCSF and MDA, we used the binomial test to evaluate the probability that more genes than expected by chance had min P ≤ 0.05 (31).
We developed the following pipeline to predict miRNA modules (Fig. 1): starting from 18 514 experimentally validated target sites, we modified the ChIPModule approach (Ding et al., 2013) to discover groups of miRNAs that co-bind at least S mRNAs; next, we applied the binomial test to assess the statistical significance of every group of miRNAs identified above.
Under this assumption, we used a binomial test to estimate the probability of observing the proportion of A-to-G mismatches in the A-site footprint dataset at each adenine residue sufficiently covered by reads (217 positions, representing roughly 50% of A positions in all readthrough events reported).
Then, we applied a binomial test to compare the proportion of localities from the testing set correctly predicted within the suitable habitat vs. the expected proportion for a random model with the same amount of suitable habitat (e.g., a random model with suitable habitat on 50% of the total area is expected to include 50% of the localities just by chance).
We use a binomial test to assess the statistical significance of the activity scores (see Methods).
We used the two sided, one sample binomial test to compare the rate of allopurinol induced SCARs in the prospective screening population with historical incidence.
Our first test looks for enrichment compared to a nearby region; we used a binomial test to compare the number of predicted sites in the 200 bp upstream of the TSS with the number in the preceding 200-bp region (i.e., -200 bp to -400 bp relative to the TSS).
