Uptake of 5 is markedly reduced in cells treated with tunicamycin, a reagent that degrades the cellular glycocalyx, and this suggests that 5 initially binds to the glycocalyx, perhaps as a complex with multivalent metal ions.
Specifically, cyclosporine binds to the cyclophillin receptor.
Although free vancomycin did not significantly bind to the "resistant" surface, all of the multivalent conjugates did.
Multivalent cations bind to the carboxylic groups on the G monomers on two adjacent chains crosslinking the solution into a gel network [ 17].
Possibly, an increase in affinity by multimerization of CCK2R-targeted peptides can only be achieved by following defined basal design principles which consider that a multivalent probe has more than one possibility to bind to the target structure.
After multivalent binding of C1q to the Fc portion of NMO-IgG, the latter could bind to the orthogonal arrays of particle (OAP), where the assembled AQP4 could strongly activate the complement cascade [ 45] through the classical pathway [ 46].
Further, ATP-dependent clustering of the cortical acto-myosin system, which promotes oligomerization of GPI-anchored proteins (Sharma et al., 2004; Goswami et al., 2008), could also promote assembly of a phase separated multivalent network if any components of that network can bind to the cytoskeleton.
The calculation of the kinetic data is rather difficult, due to the multivalent binding mode of assembled micelles [ 19].
In particular, we were interested in compounds that (i) bind to the repeating motifs in r CGG exp (1×1 nucleotide GG internal loops; Figure 1) and (ii) can be modularly assembled to afford multivalent compounds that recognize the repeating structure of r CGG exp, rather than a singular motif.
Based on these findings, we favor the following two-step model of RNP granule formation: First, RNA-binding proteins bind to RNAs through multivalent interactions via RBDs, forming complexes of RNA and protein; these RNP complexes may already reach a relatively large size.
