2) Galectins are present in the cytosol, nucleus and the extracellular space, and they can bind to many cell types.
CCNA1, also called cyclin A1, could bind to many cell cycle regulators like transcription factor E2F-1, Rb, and p21 family proteins to regulate the cell apoptosis, accompanied with CDK kinases to arrest G2M phases and interact with Ku70 to repair the DNA double-strand break [ 12, 30– 30].
RACK1 is essential for cell migration, and the protein binds to many components of the cell migration machinery including kinases, phosphatases and the cytoplasmic domains of cell surface receptors [ 65, 66].
As suggested by the overlap analysis (Fig. 2A), BRA binds to many of its target genes in a cell type-specific manner.
Although in somatic and spermatogenic cells after activation HSF1 binds to many promoters in a similar way, its impact on genes' expression is completely different.
The adaptor region of Vav1 binds to many different proteins.
RAP-5 bound to many different cell types, neoplastic and normal.
As usual the native gp120 bound strongly to the SIGN-R1 positive macrophages, while the PNGaseF treated gp120 exhibited much less selectivity binding to many different cell types.
The observation that protein DX does not bind to many proteins inside the cell is interesting, and suggests that protein DX is not any stickier than a typical protein found in nature.
As reviewed by Biggin [19], animal TFs might bind to many targets in a cell over a quantitative continuum in "Continuous Networks", as opposed to the "Discrete Networks" most people or models describe.
