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Within the cell, 11β-HSD2 is localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, with a cytosol-facing active site and co-factor binding domain, and binds to its substrate with around 100-fold more affinity than 11β-HSD1, suggestitg it may play a more dominant role in corticosteroid metabolism in tissues if the two enzymes are co-expressed [65].
Key to the catalytic property of an enzyme is its tendency to undergo a change in its shape when it binds to its substrate, thus bringing together reactive groups on substrate molecules.
In the classic Michaelis-Menten scheme below, an enzyme (E) binds to its substrate (S) to form the enzyme substrate complex ES.
RBG-1 binds to its substrate RAB-3.
The fact that Cbh1 binds to its substrate and specific activity is dependent on protein concentration suggests that both enzymes employ a combinatorial effort in attacking the crystalline forms of cellulose.
This confirms that KLHL2 interacts with WNK kinases in a similar manner to KLHL3, but strikingly different to how another KLHL protein, KEAP1 (Kelch-like enoyl-CoA hydratase-associated protein 1), binds to its substrate NRF2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2).
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It has been well established that βTrCP1 binds to its substrates through the consensus degron domain "DSGxxS," where both serines (S) are phosphorylated by kinases [26].
These results are consistent with previously reported findings, which show that CHFR binds to its substrates through its Cys domain, and forms a protein complex with APC/C through its RF domain [21].
Slmb interacts with the SCF complex via its N-terminal F-box motif and binds to its substrates through seven WD40 repeats.
Human FBXW7 is a well-characterized F-box protein that binds to its substrates through a Cdc4 phosphodegron (CPD) consensus motif, IL-I/L/P-pT-P, that is present on the substrates targeted for proteasomal degradation.
β-TrCP binds to its substrates through phosphorylated residues in conserved degradation motifs (DpSGxxpS) (Cardozo and Pagano, 2004), but tyrosine phosphorylation of substrate is also a recruiter for β-TrCP (Sahasrabuddhe et al., 2015).
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