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However, ACT binds to host cells through the integrin CD11b/CD18 receptor, which does not associate with lipid rafts before cell activation has taken place [28].
Factor H, the major inhibitor of the AP of complement activation in the fluid-phase, binds to host cells and inhibits complement activation by its ability to interfere with the formation and activity of the alternative C3 convertase, C3bBb.
In addition to enhancing recruitment of cells susceptible to infection, the stable ESAT-6/CFP-10 complex binds to host cells [13]; subsequently, modulating the host response favorably for the pathogen potentially via down-regulation of host cell killing mechanisms and immune cell activation [52].
During infection, EV71 binds to host cells via viral receptors, such as human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1.
CDT belongs to the family of binary ADP-ribosylating toxins consisting of two separate toxin components: CDTa, the enzymatic ADP-ribosyltransferase which modifies actin, and CDTb which binds to host cells and translocates CDTa into the cytosol.
Those regions that rarely changed included the part of the protein that binds to host cells, whereas other regions especially those that are recognized by the immune system were much more likely to contain mutations.
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The P2 domain is a hypervariable region that binds to host cell [ 13].
S1 recognizes and binds to host cell receptors, leading to the conformational changes of S2 that mediate viral fusion between the viral envelope and the host cell membrane.
In order for cellular entry to occur, the IAV hemagglutinin protein binds to host cell surface receptors containing terminal sialic acid residues (Gottschalk, 1959).
In a recent study it was shown that a T3SS effector NleB1 from EPEC binds to host cell death-domain-containing proteins and thereby inhibits death receptor signaling [ 22].
EBV can infect monocytes, B lymphocytes and epithelial cells mainly through EBV proteins gp350/220 and gp42/gH/gp25 (gp42/gH/gL) complex which binds to host cell proteins CD21 (CR2), MHC class II and the integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 (Chesnokova et al. 2009; Li 1997; Nemerow et al. 1989; Spriggs et al. 1996; Tanner 1987; Wang et al. 1998).
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