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This would appear to rule out the CRD directly binding to the ice (as the sugars would be competing ligands).
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Since the ice-binding site is stabilized in solution, there should not be much entropy loss when it binds to the ice surface.
AFPs display a wide variety of secondary and tertiary structures and amino acid sequences while all binding to the same ice substrate.
However, an unglycosylated Ala-Hyp-Ala repeat peptide did show significant TH and ice crystal re-shaping activity suggesting that it was capable of binding to the surface of ice.
Thus, the binding of hAFP to the ice prism plane is probably an entropy favorable process (Figure 8D).
SP and QAE2 isoforms can slow, but not stop, the growth of ice crystals by binding to pyramidal ice planes.
By binding to ice, AFPs are thought to both lower the freezing point and raise the melting point of ice through the Gibbs Thomson effect whereby adsorbed AFPs cause increased micro-curvature of the ice front (Yeh and Feeney, 1996).
We find that the binding of the proteins to the ice surfaces is irreversible ("Superheating of ice crystals in antifreeze protein solutions" PNAS 2010 and "Microfluidic experiments reveal that antifreeze proteins bound to ice crystals suffice to prevent their growth" PNAS 2013).
Herring and rainbow smelt AFPs require Ca2+ for binding to ice [8], [12].
The reported NMR structure of RD3, a naturally occurring two-domain antifreeze protein, suggests that the two nearly identical domains are oriented to allow simultaneous binding of their active regions to the ice surface.
This will melt the layer binding the ice to the tray, and shrink the ice slightly.
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