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Both engineered loops were capable of binding to integrins with high affinity, as confirmed by measurements performed with knottins containing scrambled RDG control loops.
We speculate that this expanded Race expression is due to competition between collagen IV and laminin for binding to integrins, with only collagen IV interactions leading to BMP-promoting signaling events.
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This situation contrasts with collagen binding to integrins, which is accompanied by large-scale conformational changes in the receptor that are linked to the process of transmembrane signalling [42,52].
It was assumed that skelemin was essential for cell spreading based on the interpretation that skeC2 competes with endogenous skelemin binding to integrins but lack of a cytoskeletal binding site, and thus resulting in breakage of the integrin cytoskeleton linkage.
Remarkably, disruption of Fn1 binding to integrin α8 with the RGD peptide increased susceptibility and inhibited secretion of activated MMP2/9.
There was downregulation of metastatic ECM gene POEM (Arg-Gly-Asp) due to targeted scFv blocking binding to α8β1 integrin receptor with subsequent inhibition of adhesion, spreading and survival of metastatic tumour cells.
In contrast, with exception of Arg, all amino acids of the peptide sequence are important for high affinity binding to the integrin α5 β1 with the most dramatic reduction found for Glu and Trp, as shown by binding studies with the corresponding Ala-modified analogs.
Through binding to different integrins, VN may directly interact with endothelial cells and platelets [ 49– 51].
FLNa lacking IgFLNa20 (FLNaΔ20) exhibited enhanced binding to β7 integrin tails, consistent with an inhibitory role for IgFLNa20.
Hence, simple substitution of EETI-II Loop 3 with several different loop sequences derived from the integrin-binding domain of fibronectin resulted in knottin peptides with weak binding to αvβ3 integrin (data not shown).
Through binding to α5β1-integrin, fibronectin directly associates with c-Met and activates both Src and focal adhesion kinase activity.
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