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Further increasing the weight ratio, the excessive cationic polymer contributed to the surface positive charge, which is necessary for the complexes binding to anionic cell surfaces for cellular internalization.
A positive surface charge of polyplexes is necessary for binding to anionic cell surfaces, which consequently facilitates uptake by the cell [ 116, 117].
The documentation for aminoglycosides is less extensive but both tobramycin and gentamicin have been shown to protect lung epithelial cells against myeloperoxidase-dependant oxidant injury by binding to anionic cell surfaces and neutralizing hypochlorous acid [ 8].
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We discovered that superpositively charged GFP variants can enter a variety of mammalian cells by binding to anionic cell-surface proteoglycans and undergoing endocytosis in an energy-dependent and clathrin-independent fashion (10).
The rapidly saturating desorbable component is probably exchangeable binding to anionic charges of cell wall constituents [ 22].
In vivo, its binding to anionic phospholipids on apoptotic cells has been demonstrated with tumors killed with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib [ 32] and in thymi from dexamethasone-treated rats [ 33].
NRC-03 and NRC-07-mediated cell death correlated with peptide binding to anionic surface molecules.
Within PfHsp70 is a LID domain, usually responsible for binding to anionic lipids like PI3P.
Most antimicrobial peptides are cationic to facilitate binding to anionic bacterial membranes.
Thus, LL-37 binding to anionic CPS polymers may deplete the availability of these peptides to form ETs or even to penetrate and reach their bacterial membrane target.
Recently, a bacterially expressed recombinant prion protein, PrP converted to an infectious form, PrPSc that was shown to propagate only upon binding to anionic phosphatidyl membrane surfaces [71].
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