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Like other cytokines IL-6 acts by binding to a membrane-spanning receptor.
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For this, we used the HaloTag protein (Promega Corp ., which is a genetically modified hydrolase that is able to catalyze its covalent binding to a series of membrane-spanning ligands and can be used for in vivo labeling [15].
Each half transporter consists of a nucleotide binding domain and a membrane-spanning domain, and heterodimerization of PatA and PatB is required to form a functional transporter (5).
The second system was to use palladium II) to bring together two "halves" and create a membrane-spanning lipid that might further assemble to produce a membrane pore.
The remaining transport systems are ABC-type carriers, consisting of a membrane-spanning permease and an ATP-binding subunit.
NADPH oxidases are enzyme complexes with a membrane-spanning catalytic NOX subunit, which depends to varying degrees on other subunits.
MUC16 is a membrane-spanning mucin and the largest mucin known to date.
EGFR is a membrane-spanning cell surface receptor and consequently links internal signaling pathways to the extracellular environment [ 19].
BmStart1 contains a membrane-spanning MENTAL domain in its N-terminus and a lipid-binding START domain in its C-terminus.
The bacterial Trk potassium transport system consists of a membrane-spanning protein (TrkH), constituting the translocating subunit, and a peripheral membrane-associated nucleotide binding protein (TrkA), required to energize the system [32].
Insulin signalling is initiated by binding of insulin-like hormones to surface receptor tyrosine kinases of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family that are usually produced as long pro-peptides which are later processed into an extracellular α-subunit and a membrane-spanning β-subunit, connected by a disulphide bridge [ 7- 9].
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