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NF-κB complexes were captured by binding to a consensus 5′-GGGACTTTCC-3′ oligonucleotide immobilised on a 96-well plate.
p53 recognizes its target genes by binding to a consensus response element located proximal to the transcription start site [ 37].
Following binding to a consensus (A/T GATA(A/G) sequence, GATA proteins transactivate their target genes either directly or through mechanisms involving long range chromatin remodeling and DNA looping [ 1, 2].
Hh signaling activation ultimately activates downstream Gli transcription factors, which can regulate target gene expression by directly binding to a consensus binding site (5′-TGGGTGGTC-3′) in the target gene promoter [13], [14], [88], [89].
The FASAY is a yeast based functional assay, designed to investigate the ability of p53 to transactivate a target gene by binding to a consensus sequence from the ribosomal gene cluster.
Briefly, nuclear extracts containing NF- κB were prepared using a Nuclear Extract kit (Active Motif, Carlsbad, CA), and the capture was accomplished by binding to a consensus oligonucleotide (5′-GGGACTTTCC-3′) immobilized on a 96-well plate (Millipore Corp).
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Rather than binding to a specific consensus sequence, these proteins recognize a common structural motif – the kink turn, formed by both canonical Watson-Crick base pairing as well as and non-canonical interactions [20].
Taken together, we suggest that Sall2 regulates multiple downstream targets, including upregulation of p16 through promoter binding to a GGGTGGG consensus binding site and causing cell cycle arrest.
Mechanistically, miR-34a downregulated Smad4 and its downstream Id1 and Id3, which was through direct binding to a conserved consensus region in the 3′UTR of Smad4 based on the 3′UTR luciferase reporter assay.
The tumour suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that activates transcription of its target genes by binding to a specific consensus DNA sequence consisting of two copies of a 10 bp DNA motif 5′-PuPuPuC A/T)(T/A GPyPyPy-3′ separaT/A GPyPyPy-3′ (El-Deiry et al., 1992).
This assay is analogous to the traditional electrophoretic mobility shift assay in that it measures the ability of a transcription factor from nuclear lysates to bind to a consensus-binding sequence of that transcription factor, and has been extensively validated [ 20, 21].
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