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Type IA binding sites has an almost equal affinity for PACAP38, whereas type IB binding sites has a considerably greater affinity for PACAP38 than for PACAP27 [9].
The presence of multiple CUX1 binding sites has a modest, yet significant, impact on the probability that a gene is regulated by CUX1.
This deviation from the neutral distribution, which reflects selection for functional binding sites, has a form suggesting a Malthusian fitness landscape that is peaked at nearly optimal binding, decreasing with negative curvature as the binding strength is reduced.
This second class of binding sites has a lower affinity (10 to 10 M−1) than the main binding site but n can vary substantially, from 2 to 24.
Each of these binding sites has a large effect on gene expression and was identified by promoter bashing, footprinting, gel-shift, or mutation analysis (supplementary table 1, Supplementary Material online).
At the same time, and independent of C/EBPα and PPARγ sequence patterns, sequence conservation in the larger region surrounding the actual binding sites has a positive impact on retention of both C/EBPα and PPARγ binding sites, indicating that other DNA sequence patterns also affect binding of these two factors to DNA.
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We show through mutagenesis and analysis of recombinant striated muscle α-tropomyosins that primary actin binding sites have a destabilizing coiled-coil interface, typically alanine-rich, embedded within a non-interface recognition sequence.
However, van Nimwegen et al. [10] (supporting text) use a simple maximum-entropy argument to show that the additivity assumption on energy does imply the PWM model for binding sites, if one also makes the reasonable assumption that binding sites have a significantly higher expected binding energy than random sites.
Consensus motifs constructed from too few binding sites have a low predictive value [ 37].
This work showed that pair binding sites have a monophyletic origin.
This is in contrast to a similar study that found 3-43-4% p53 binding sites having a half site [ 54].
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