cis-Regulatory elements, which are located upstream of genes and act as binding sites for TFs, have essential functions in determining the tissue-specific or stress-responsive expression patterns of genes.
The Slit2 promoter may have essential binding sites for the β-catenin-TCF complex.
This could be explained by the physical distribution of protein-binding sites in promoter regions; the binding sites for RNA polymerase and most essential transcription factors are located in the core and proximal promoter regions (Koudritsky and Domany 2008), whereas only few additional transcription factor-binding sites are located in the distal promoter region (>250 bp upstream of the TSS).
The GC-rich trinucleotide GNMS repeat-motifs in the 5'UTRs and promoters perhaps serve as binding sites for nuclear proteins that are essential for regulating translation and gene expression, and thus are expected to occur more frequently in these sequences [ 23].
Because genes usually contain multiple binding sites for many transcription factors, it is essential to explore the detailed interactions between transcription factors and DNA or other proteins.
The cis-regulatory elements, which are located in the upstream regions of genes, act as the binding sites for TFs; thus, these sequences have essential roles in determining the tissue-specific or stress-responsive expression patterns of genes [ 16].
The DGAT1 truncation mutant lacking amino acids 95 118 demonstrated that this region was important for its enzymatic activity, which suggested that this domain might contain binding sites for acyl-CoA or DAG, or other essential element to fulfill the enzymatic function.
In some IQGAPs, these motifs also provide binding sites for CaM-like proteins such as myosin essential light chain and S100B.
Additionally, titration of scCPX into unblocked truncated SNARE complex revealed multiple binding sites consistent with independent binding sites for CPXcen and scCPXacc, thus describing the essential feature of the trans clamping interaction of CPX.
Our in silico findings report that there is cross-regulation between both pathways at the level of gene transcription regulation, mediated by the presence of binding sites for both factors in promoters of genes essential for these pathways.
