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The amount of F-actin/synapsin I bundles recovered by low speed sedimentation was increased by staurosporine by approximately 30% at 5 µM (Fig. 3B), indicating that binding of the kinase inhibitor to the ATP binding site of synapsin I modifies its molecular interactions with the F-actin-based cytoskeleton.
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The ATP-binding site of synapsin I was predicted to be similar to that of a pan-kinase inhibitor (staurosporine) [42] with the proto-oncogene Pim-1 serine/threonine protein kinase (Fig. 2A).
Systematic pair-wise comparison of the staurosporine-binding site of the proto-oncogene Pim-1 kinase with 6,412 druggable protein-ligand binding sites suggested that the ATP-binding site of synapsin I may recognize the pan-kinase inhibitor staurosporine.
To ascertain whether the ATP-binding site of synapsin I is equally close to all known ATP-binding sites or specifically related to Pim-1, we computed with SiteAlign [41] the distance between the ATP-binding site of bovine synapsin I (1aux) and 978 ATP-binding sites from the Protein Data Bank.
Out of the 11 outliers, two entries (PDB entries 1aux and 1px2) drew our attention since they both describe the ATP-binding site of synapsin I. Despite a low homology (21%) between human Pim-1 (1yhs) and bovine synapsin I (1aux) amino acid sequences, the proposed 3-D alignment between both binding sites reveal remarkable shared features.
Interestingly, the ATP-binding site of synapsin I was predicted to be much more distant from that of other serine/threonine protein kinases (e.g. Chk1, PkA; Fig. 4) and this assumption could be verified in vitro by testing inhibitors of the latter proteins for binding to synapsin I (Fig. 6).
Screening for binding site similarity to the ATP-binding site of bovine synapsin (PDB entry 1aux) was done as described above.
Standard settings of the Gold v4.1 program [93] were used to dock staurosporine to the ATP-binding site of bovine synapsin (PDB entry 1aux) whose coordinates were retrieved from the sc-PDB databank [30].
(D) Comparison between adamantane binding site and HMA binding site of HCV p7 channels.
From the current response of ARS after site competition, binding site I of BSA was identified as the binding site of BSA to ARS.
The binding site of eEF1Bα to domain II overlaps the proposed aa-tRNA binding site.
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