In addition, lncRNAs can regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by base-pairing with mRNAs to modulate their translation and/or stability [ 12- 14] and by interfering with RNA-binding proteins to influence splicing and translation [ 14- 16].
It is well accepted that small-molecule drugs generally exert their therapeutic functions by binding to the cavities of proteins to influence their biological activities.
Firstly, there are a number of RNA binding proteins known to influence mRNA translation rate by bind its mRNA.
Translational regulation can be achieved in various ways, e.g. key translation initiation factors can be phosphorylated or degraded [8], small noncoding RNAs can lead to gene silencing [9], riboswitches in the 5'-UTR can couple the translation of transcripts to the presence of metabolites [10], and regulatory RNA binding proteins can influence translational efficiency [10], [11].
However, perfluorinated acids are highly protein bound in serum (Jones et al. 2003), and the dynamics of protein binding are likely to influence TTE.
The aim of our study was to show how MAR elements are involved in the gene regulation and how the MAR binding proteins influence the gene regulation through MAR elements using β-globin gene cluster in K562 cells as a model.
Allam et al. [ 6] in their study on bladder tissue from animals actively colonized by U. parvum demonstrated significant alterations in actin binding proteins that may influence cell signaling cascades regulating cell motility, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation.
Alternatively, OPN can bind to growth factors or their binding proteins, thus secondarily influencing cell behavior (Nam et al., 2000).
In addition to these, certain other IGF binding proteins are evidently influenced by hormone therapy and may be related to CHD (IGFBP1) or stroke (IGFBP2, IGFBP6).
Here we limit our discussion to direct tail-binding proteins that influence Rho signaling.
