Recent studies have shown that RNA-binding proteins can regulate the stability, translation, or localization of mRNA (Glisovic et al. 2008; Hogan et al. 2008; Babitzke et al. 2009).
Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that WRKY DNA binding-proteins can regulate the transcription of a number of defence-related genes, including the well-studied PR genes, via binding to the W-box in the promoter of these genes [ 11, 29].
39– 41 Both Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL antiapoptotic proteins can regulate autophagy by binding and inhibiting Beclin-1, and may calibrate autophagy to levels that are compatible with survival.
WRKY proteins can regulate phytoalexin production and PR gene expression through binding to the cis-regulatory element W-box.
Two categories of proteins can regulate Ras.
In addition to the amount of ribosomes, the availability and state of activation (i.e., state of phosphorylation) of initiation and elongation factors and their binding proteins can also be differentially regulated in fiber types.
Such one-directional changes in shape of the actin filaments presumably help to regulate how other actin binding proteins can interact with the filament and consequently regulate the roles of the filaments themselves.
Transcriptional activation of IL-8 is controlled primarily by NFκB; however, other transcription factors such as activating protein-1 and CAAT/enhancer-binding proteins can also regulate IL-8 expression and act synergistically with NFκB to augment gene expression [ 90, 91].
It has been shown that RNA accessory proteins such as RNA binding proteins (RBPs) can regulate miRNA activity without impacting miRNA expression levels and blur the relationship between miRNA activity and miRNA expression [ 11].
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca2+-binding protein, which can regulate a number of different protein targets, thereby affecting many different cellular functions (Chin and Means 2000).
