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The erythrocyte binding phenotype of the 220 kDa processed fragment is consistent with these former reports.
Thus the binding phenotype of the 80 kDa smaller processed fragment of PfRH2a/b was sialic acid dependent, trypsin resistant and chymotrypsin sensitive.
The binding phenotype of the CSA-selected KO parasites was analyzed with two different receptors (purified bovine CSA and human recombinant CD36) at three different intervals: 1 week, 5 weeks and 7 weeks post-selection (Supplementary Figure S1).
The ligand binding phenotype of the receptor is dependent on the RAMP family member with which it is associated [ 49].
To identify substitutions in the HA molecule that could be responsible for the human-like receptor binding phenotype of the pandemic and contemporary swine influenza (H1N1) isolates, we compared the H1 HA sequences deposited in the Influenza Research Database (www.fludb.org).
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Further, in vitro analysis of some AR mutations with the binding phenotype of normal 3H-DHT dissociation constant (Kd) and maximal binding (Bmax), but increased ligand-receptor dissociation rate can be normalized under certain culture conditions.
We were able to correlate allelic polymorphisms in the BSSL gene with the DC-SIGN binding phenotype of breast milk.
As BeWo cells do not express CD36, the CD36 binding phenotype of 1F1-BeWo likely arose due to a PfEMP1 variant that happened to encode CD36 binding activity function in addition to the host receptor adhesion trait that led to its selection on BeWo cells.
Since a weak association between ICAM-1 binding and pathology has been suggested by previous work, further analysis of the binding phenotypes of clinical isolates for adhesion to ICAM-1 variant proteins was performed to develop a more detailed picture of the nature of this interaction (Figure 3 and Table S1).
We detected strong surface labelling on IE of D10 and the reference strain for parasite cytoadhesion FCR3 with a pool of hyperimmune human sera (Fig. 1A), known to predominantly recognize PfEMP1 (Chan et al., 2012), thus supporting the notion that the non-binding phenotype of D10 may be due to a conformational defect or incorrect presentation of PfEMP1.
Other wild-type alphaviruses, such as VEEV, Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and Ross River virus (RRV), were also shown HS-binding phenotype of infection during tissue culture [5], [7], [8].
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