Based on examination of the interdependencies of components of Pho-RC, PRC1, and PRC2 for target site binding, a hierarchical binding pathway has been proposed (Wang et al. 2004b).
Two separate pathways of DNA damage, an oxidative pathway and a metal-binding pathway, have been proposed to account for the lesions observed in cell systems.
The regulation of NRF2 activity through additional noncanonical pathways has been identified: p62, which was discovered as an autophagy linker protein, induces NRF2 activation by competitive binding to the KEAP1 protein and autophagic degradation of KEAP129,30.
The activation of both PI3K/AKT pathway and ERK1/2 pathways has been previously related with neuroprotection effect31,32.
In plants, the conserved C-repeat binding factor (CBF) pathway has been associated to low temperature tolerance in a wide range of evolutionary distinct species [ 33].
Within the miRNA biogenesis pathway itself, changes in the PTMs of miRNA processing enzymes and their dsRNA-binding partners, effected by cell-signaling pathways, have been reported for TRBP2 and Drosha phosphorylation, and for DGCR8 and Drosha acetylation (Paroo et al., 2009; Tang et al., 2010, 2011, 2013; Wada et al., 2012).
Wnt signaling pathways have been well studied; however, the precise binding mechanism of Wnt protein to its receptor has not yet been clarified.
Biosynthesis of melanin in microorganisms has been largely associated with its prospects of being associated with UV protection, binding to antibiotics, resistance studies in pathogenic bacteria and its pathways have been targeted for potential targets for drugs in antimicrobial therapy.
Direct binding of C3 (the alternative pathway) has been proposed, although Xu et al showed recently that murine plasma contains natural IgM that can mediate opsonization of Ad5 for phagocytosis.
Various signal transduction pathways have been implicated through the association of CXCR4 receptors with the guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-proteins).
