Quantification of Tspan9 expression levels on platelets may provide clues as to potential binding partners, which may be expressed at similar levels.
However, in cells, proline cis/trans isomers may be differently sequestered by binding partners, which may, in turn, change equilibrium distributions.
Similarly, the cleavage of GAD may follow the increase in ubiquitination and degradation of a binding partner, which may allow cleavage of the enzyme by calpains.
This may regulate interaction of maspin with its binding partners which in turn, depending on their function and modifications, may translocate to and from the cell nucleus, affecting maspin location.
The binding partner, which is commonly referred to as a ligand, may consist of small organic/inorganic molecules, metals and macromolecules, such as protein or DNA.
This is the structure of the ecdysone receptor in partner with its drosophila binding partner, which is ultraspiracle.
Although it remains possible that SopE stimulates GEF activity of ARNO and ARNOE156D, the enhanced Arf1 recruitment when SopE and ARNO were together appears most likely due to increased amounts of the Arf1 binding partner WRC, which may stabilize active small GTPases at the membrane.
This may allow the tumor cells to bypass cellular homeostatic control mechanisms by diverting signaling proteins to different locations, thereby changing the availability of binding partners or substrates, which may modify signal transduction pathways.
For instance, LC3-interacting regions have been characterized in ULK1/Atg1 and its binding partners Atg13 and FIP200, which may facilitate LC3 recruitment to PAS [37].
Thus, the Uba2ufd recognizes multipurpose binding sites on Ubc9, which may serve to order association with many different partners in the Sumo cascade.
Intrinsically disordered proteins often have some local and limited residual structure, which may be crucial to their interactions with their binding partners, as may be the case for the N-terminus of DISC1.
