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Hyperphosphorylation of CKIε's C-terminus thus inhibits the binding of substrate proteins, and may act as a regulatory mechanism to control phosphorylation of targets.
This knowledge has been incorporated into a simplified analytical model of productive binding of substrate proteins with PKA.
The distinct open conformational states of TRiC occur at essential steps during the folding cycle and facilitate the binding of substrate proteins (Meyer et al, 2003; Reissmann et al, 2007).
The hydrophobic cleft was found to be essential for the recognition and binding of substrate proteins as mutations within this region were lethal in vivo and prevented binding of substrates in vitro.
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These subtle differences may have a considerable impact on cyclin/Cdk specificity, but other factors such as cyclin abundance, substrate binding and the presence or absence of substrate proteins may also play a significant role.
We show that, surprisingly, features C-terminal to the kinase domain of CKIε are not responsible for the difference in binding of the substrate proteins to the two CKI kinases.
As the binding of the substrate protein to lamp2A represents the limiting step of CMA, lamp2A levels have been shown to directly correlate with CMA activity [ 3, 4].
The recognition motif of particular kinases is often so degenerate that additional specificity mechanisms must be at play, such as binding of the substrate protein via another site, or a scaffold protein that itself binds the kinase and substrate.
It has been hypothesized that by preventing binding of substrate receptors to cullin proteins, CAND1 prevents substrate receptor autoubiquitination in the absence of bound E3 ligase substrate [1], [2].
For degradation by the proteosome, binding of ubiquitin with substrate proteins requires the activity of ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and substrate-specific ubiquitin ligase E3 [ 27].
UEV family members have been implicated both in generating K63-linked ubiquitin chains, as well as in the recognition and binding of previously ubiquitinated substrate proteins.
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