In E. coli, the TonB protein interacts with outer membrane receptor proteins that carry out high-affinity binding and energy-dependent uptake of specific substrates into the periplasmic space [ 2].
As targeting subunits, PIPs contribute to substrate selection by bringing PP1 into the vicinity of specific substrates and by modulating substrate specificity via additional substrate docking sites or blocking substrate-binding channels.
Raptor regulates mTORC1 assembly and serves as a scaffold for the recruitment of specific substrates, such as the eukaryotic initiation factor-4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) [ 15, 16].
Change in the composition of integrins, as well as in the components of focal adhesions leads to change in migration, as well as preferential binding to specific substrate, production of which is regulated by FGF2 treatment, and may benefit a pro-regenerative response.
Therefore, the complete inactivation of the APRT protein reported in our patient is due to the impaired binding of the specific substrate to the active site, since the g.2098C > T mutation deeply affects the enzyme structural integrity.
Fluorescence quenching was normalized and expressed as the percentage difference in fluorescence upon ligand binding at specific substrate concentration compared to the fluorescence at saturating levels of substrate (▵f/f0).
Many proteins can switch from one conformation to another under the influence of an external driving force, such as the binding to a specific substrate.
p62 is selectively incorporated into autophagosomes via direct binding to LC3 and is identified as one of the specific substrates that degrade through the autophagy lysosomal pathway.
Furthermore, the amount of non-specific binding of fluorescently substrates to cellular organelles has to be carefully checked.
